Revolutions of 1848 and Russia

     3.     How was your country/region affected by the 1848 Revolutions?

a.     Explore the effects of Nationalism on your country/region and the people in your country.

Since there weren’t any Revolutions in Russia, Nationalism did not affect Russia in any kind of way. The ruler nor capital didn’t even changed until now.

b. Why was your country/region affected by the 1848 Revolutions?

• Although Russia wasn’t technically affected by the Revolutions of 1848, the countries, which were affected by the Revolutions, had a serious impact on it. Russia was forced to prepare an army and militarize itself, even though they did not have the money to fund themselves, for a couple of reasons. Russia's aims were to check the spread of revolutionary ideas from France, foster an alliance with the absolutist monarchies of Austria and Prussia and prevent the re-establishment of an independent Poland.

• The year 1848 did not bring revolution to Russia. However, it was a year in which Russia was to suffer from a bad harvest, a major cholera epidemic and an increase in the number of fires in provincial towns, which were caused by the unusually dry weather. The effect of these disasters on Russia's economy was serious, since the majority of the population was engaged in agriculture. As the result, there was a sharp fall in the export of grain, which had begun to increase after the repeal of the Corn Laws in Great Britain in 1846.

     4.     How did the Revolutions of 1848 contribute to the unification of Italy or Germany?

a.     Who were the key actors in the unification of your chosen country? Explain your choices.

The key actors in the Italian Unification were Giuseppe Mazzini, Cavour, Victor Emanuel II, and Giuseppe Garibaldi.

·      Giuseppe Mazzini was born in 1805, Genoa. Unlike his father, who was the professor of pathology at Genoa University, he found law and literature intriguing. In 1831, Mazzini formed a group called “Young Italy.” Young Italy became Italy’s first truly organized political party. Young Italy became a unified voice for revolution, Italian unification, democracy, and the ousting of Austrian dominance in Italian affairs.

·      Cavour was Turin, Piedmonet on August 10, 1810 and died in 1861. He served in the Sardinian army for 5 years as a Lieutenant. After being a participant of the Sardian Chamber of Deputies and him being a great politician, Cavour later became the prime minister in 1852. To get Austria out of Italy, Cavour made an alliance with Napoleon III against Austria and then he made Austria go to war with France and Sardinia expecting it lose and get out of Italy.

·      Given the title “King of Italy”, Victor Emanuel II was king of Sardinia from 1849 to March 17, 1861. Emanuel supported Garibaldi’s Expedition of Thousand. Giuseppe Garibaldi conquered Sicily and Naples, and Sardinia-Piedmont grew even larger. On 17 March 1861, the Kingdom of Italy was officially established and Victor Emanuel II became its king.

·      Giuseppe Garibaldi was one of the most important figures of the Italian unification. Garibaldi was an Italian Solider who fought for the Italian Unification Movement. He led a group called the Red Shirts through the Kingdom of Two Sicilies to bring together the kingdoms of Italy in 1860.

b.     How was the country unified and was there any opposition to it? Give detail.

 Rome and Venetia were still lacking and neither could occur to win over easily in any battle since they were under the defense of the Austrian and French soldiers. The Seven Weeks war gave Italy the chance to gain Rome and Venetia back, Prussia had agreed that if Italy joined them in the war they would give them Venetia back and if Prussia won they would hold there part of the deal. Austria did not want Italy to configure because it took a huge part of Austria.

c.     What might be the long-term consequences of this unification?

·   Italy would had never became an Italian Colony

·   Italy did not take part in World War I nor World War II.

                        .  Italy would have never gone to war with the Ottoman Empire and captured Libya as a colony.                                                 

King Louis XIV of France

Louis XIV:-

Louis XIV was the king of France in the 17th century. He was a self-centered greedy king that always wanted attention form everywhere. He even got into wars just so that he would show off his power and wealth to others. He ruled around 1643-1715. He ruled for 72 years, which quiet a long time. He was an absolute monarch. An absolute monarch is when a king has absolute control over a country. There are many evidences that prove that he was an absolute monarch.

Louis XIV ruled France for a very long time. He ruled it for 72 years, in which is quiet along time for a king to rule a country. If it were a democracy at the time, he would have been elected to govern France for only four years. The fact that he ruled for 72 years made him a dictator, which is evidence that he was an absolute monarch.

Louis XIV had absolute power. He had power to the point where he didn’t take the consent of others to make decisions that involved the country. “I request and order you to seal no orders except by my command, . . . I order you not to sign anything, not even a passport . . . without my command; to render account to me personally each day and to favor no one." Twenty three year old Louis XIV stated this quote the day after Cardinal Mazarin's death. He pointed out that he wants to have absolute power to the point where they have to take his permission even in the smallest most pathetic things.

Louis XIV did not like people around him having power. When he realized that Nicholas Fouquet started to gain and have more power, he instantly ordered his arrest and imprisoned him. " In fact he quoted “I had no intention of sharing my authority with them.” He pointed this quote out when Nicholas Fouquet and others started gaining more power and authority. He then instantly arrested and imprisoned him, which proves that he wasn’t ready to share his power with anyone.

Bureaucracy is a system that King Louis XIV constructed in which helped him in organizing the country. He divided the work out to his nobles but decisions were still under his authority. For example, he gave taxation to the nobles to be in control of but it was still under his authority. Louis XIV was really protective of his country.

Louis XIV had the power to make up laws that gave him more power and wealth. He had so much power that the parliament’s traditional power was weakened. It was weakened because the parliament was the one who had the power and authority to come up with laws, but when Louis XIV started making his own, the parliament now has no use. The fact the

To glorify the monarchy, Louis XIV built the palace of Versailles. He made it huge and beautiful so hat h would display his power to other kings. He liked showing off his power. One of the other main reasons he made it huge so that his nobles and ministers would stay with him and be there when he needed them. He also wanted to keep an eye on them so that they wouldn’t rebel or do something to hurt him. Louis XIV liked showing off and keeping an eye on his men.

King Louis XIV conquered many land. He fought over Europe and managed to conquer some land. He then battled with the Spanish Netherland and successfully gained land in Flanders. He later went and fought with the United Provinces of Netherland because he wanted his vengeance from the Dutch. Later on, that led to the fall of the Dutch’s economy. He didn’t conquer it because of his need. He was pretty much wealthy and powerful without even conquering other land. The only reason he conquered land was so that he would look powerful and wealthy in front of others.

Louis XIV had a dictating personality. He didn’t like being ordered around at all. He only wanted to do what he wants and not what others want. As he said, he wasn’t even used to being ordered around. This proves that he had absolute power to the point where people around him agreed with him on anything.

Louis XIV used to be a self-centered show off. He only cared about money and wealth and not his country or people. He was an absolute monarch that always wanted things under his authority, which made him powerful and wealthy because he made everything by himself and created laws. Louis XIV used to be a selfish braggart king.

Religion In The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire was one of the largest empires of the world. It lasted for more than 6 centuries. The Ottoman Muslim Turks governed the Ottoman Empire. It controlled Western Asia, South East Europe, and North Africa. The Ottoman Empire was inspired and motivated by Islam. Although it was kind of an Islamic empire, there were Christians and Jews, but for many reasons they were second class people. The Ottoman Empire was a long lasting powerful empire.

Religion affected the Ottoman Empire in so many ways. It had an affect on almost everything in the empire. Some of the things that religion affected were Social Classes, Language, Art, Economy and the Military.Social classes was effected by religion by that christians were treated as second class citizens. Language was effected by religion by that  only muslims knew how to read and write arabic because of the Quran. In art, the muslims couldn't draw pictures nude or draw pictures of god, so they had this fancy handwriting called calligraphy. Economy was one of the most things that were affected by religion. Muslims made christians and Jews pay taxes due to the fact that they are under a muslim rule and muslim protection. Lastly, the military was affected by religion the most. Only muslims were required to fight for the empire while Christians and Jews could choose wether to go or not. If they chose to fight for the empire as muslim (even though they weren't) then he and  his daily will be relieved from the heavy taxes they were put on them. Religion had a really huge effect on the Ottoman Empire.

There were three religions in the Ottoman Empire. Christianity, Islam, and Judaism. The main religion in the empire was Islam. Even though Muslims did not force their religion on others, they treated Christians and Jews as second-class citizens. Christians and Jews had limited freedom. Christians and Jews were not treated like Muslims. For Example, Christians and Jews were not allowed to carry weapons with them or ride better horses than the Muslims because that would be overlooking those of Muslims. In the end, Christians and Jews had really harsh limitations.

The Ottoman Empire spoke three languages. Turkish, Persian and Arabic. Most of the people spoke Turkish because it was it was the main and official language. Persian was a hard and complicated language. Not all the people spoke it. Only the educated spoke in Persian. Arabic is the only one that came with religion. It came with Islam. Every Muslim read Arabic because it was the language of Islam so they knew Arabic well. In the end, Islam identified Arabic.

Art was one of the aspects that religion had an effect on in the Ottoman Empire. Muslims denied representing god with pictures o they used something called Calligraphy. Calligraphy was sort of like handwriting, but it was a type of visual art. They used to write words in a fancy way-representing god and that was the way of their art. Calligraphy was their way of representing god.

Religion had a huge affect on the Economy of the Ottoman Empire. Religion gave the Muslims advantages of taxes on Christians and Jews for not converting to Islam. According to the Islamic Shareea, people with different faiths living under a Muslim rule have to pay taxes called Cizya. In other words, who ever that does not convert to Islam had to pay Cizya (gizya) or taxes. Another reason for making Christians and Jews pay taxes was matter of protection. That meant that because they are under Muslim rule and Muslim protection they had to pay for these services.

            

The military was one the things that got affected by religion. Non-Muslim men weren’t required to go to for the empire like Muslims did. All Muslim men (that are healthy and have no sisters or parents to take care of) are required to fight for the empire. Muslims even made a deal with the Christians and Jews. If they go into battle with the Holy Muslim Army and pretend as Muslims, they and their family will be relieved from the Cizya or taxes. Religion helped the Military to grow and expand.

            

Religion really helped the empire to grow and expand. Religion affected almost everything the empire was all about. Although Christians and Jews were kind of treated harshly, the managed put up with these things. Religion had a great effect on the whole empire. If it was not for religion, the empire would not have been successful as it was.

Bibliography/ Citation:


-Wikipedia Organization. “The Ottoman Empire.” Accessed November 26, 2011.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire

-BBC. “The Ottoman Empire.” Accessed November 26, 2011.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/islam/history/ottomanempire_1.shtml

-Wikipedia Organization. “Islamic Calligraphy.” Accessed November 26, 2011.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Islamic_calligraphy

-Globaled Organization. “Turkish Toleration.” Accessed December 3, 2011.

http://www.globaled.org/nyworld/materials/ottoman/turkish.html

-Wikipedia Organization. “Language.” Accessed November 29, 2011.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottoman_Empire#Language

Outline

How did religion affect the Ottoman Empire?


-Introduction Paragraph:

• Background Information.
• Brief view of how religion affected the empire.

-Paragraph 1: Social Classes-- was there classes? How were christians treated? Were muslims treated any differently?

-Paragraph 2: Language- How many languages were there?- how did religion affect it?

-Paragraph 3: Art- How was art like? were they allowed to draw people nude? what type of art did they have?

-Paragraph 4:  Economy- How did religion affect economy? 


-Paragraph 5: How did religion affect the military? Did muslims and christians fight together? Did only muslims fight?

Concluding Paragraph..................

Diary of the Conquistadors

Dear Diary,

            I am a Conquistador from Europe that just arrived on a new land. I had sailed from Europe for land, money, and fame. My main goal is to become rich and take land and take whats in it and name it after myself for fame. Of course  I wasn't alone, I had fellow European mates that helped me through my journey. I couldn't have done it without them.

            I finally arrived on land. When I arrived, I saw temples and a really strange thing. I saw weird looking people that looked disgusting and uncivilized. They were so uncivilized that in the beginning, they thought we weren't humans because we had boats, horses and weapons that they didn't have. Even though they looked uncivilized, they had what everyone wanted and didn't have much of, gold. They had it but didn't know what its used for or what to do with it. They had everything that can make them civilized but they didn't know how to use them. So, I decided to destroy our ships so that all the Europeans would only put their focus on the gold and not escaping. The Aztec people thought that I was crazy to destroy our ships they were really scared from us for some reason. In the end we finally got what we wanted.

Why did Lutheranism appeal to the princes?

            

            For the princes, converting to Lutheranism was a great opportunity to have positive effects on what they owned. By only following Lutheranism, they would have more land and be wealthier. Princes only followed Lutheranism because of what it had and because they also wanted to be wealthier. Princes followed Lutheranism for many reasons but, the main reasons were to get more land and money.

The princes no longer had to divert revenues to Rome or ecclesiastical taxes. That means that the princes no longer had to pay taxes to rome nor the church. Instead of paying taxes to rome, the princes charged taxes to become more wealthier. Taxes gave the money and money lead to wealth and wealth lead to power.

Lutheranism gave princes lots of lands. Lutheranism allowed princes to shut down monasteries and seize their land and wealth. More land meant more money and more money meant more power. This is one of the main reasons princes converted to Lutheranism, so that they would have more land.

Lutheranism allowed the princes to choose there own minsters. That relieved them from struggles of from local bishops. They chose the minsters and didn't have to worry about any struggles of power because their the ones who chose them.

The princes finally saw that the Catholic Church was focusing on money and power rather than helping people. They realized that buying indulgences doesn't work and are sinful and that it is not fair for the poor because they might not afford them. They also believed that Jesus is the head of the church and the pope. So they finally converted to Lutheranism.

Lutheranism gave the princes wealth and power that the Catholic Church didn't provide or offer. The princes preferred Lutheranism because it gave the more power and wealth that they couldn't dream of.The princes automatically converted for the money and the power. They saw that the Catholic Church is wrong in many ways so they converted.

Sandro Botticelli